城市热岛效应增温对环境气温的影响

目的研究城市热岛效应对环境气温的影响。方法选用辽宁中西部地区中小城市及农村(CK)基准气候站1960—2015年的气温资料,采用数理统计学对照分析方法,对中小城市中气温年际变化特征及其城市热岛增温进行量化研究。结果城市气温在20世纪80年代后期存在明显的气候"突变"特征,气温的"突变"主要来自于城市化热岛的影响。对照农村气温变化,城市热岛使年平均气温增高0.65℃,城市热岛效应为147.7%。城市热岛使春、夏、秋、冬四季平均气温分别增高0.41、0.41、0.72、0.80℃,四季城市热岛效应分别为59.4%、256.3%、450.0%和106.7%。在年变化中,城市热岛效应增温最大值在1月份,9月至翌年3月对热岛增温贡献最大。结论气象监测站居于城市内,所测试的气温资料受城市热岛现象的影响,掩盖了自然气候变化的实际情况,造成气温监测结果偏高,致使农业及农业科研、土木建筑、桥涵建设在温度指标运用上受到影响。     

1989~2015年海口城市热环境与景观格局的时空演变及其相互关系

利用1989,1999,2007和2015年的4期Landsat 5TM/8OLI-TIRS遥感数据,综合应用遥感、地理信息系统、景观生态学和统计分析相结合的方法,探讨海口城市热环境与景观格局的时空演变关系.结果显示,1989~2015年间,海口城市陆地表面温度（LST）总体呈逐步上升的趋势.城市热岛面积逐步扩大,空间质心向西南方向转移,且在2007年以后转移速率明显加快;冷岛质心则向东部生态核心区转移.城市LST较高的区域往往与不透水表面分布一致,较低的LST与绿地或水体分布一致.4期绿地的平均LST比不透水表面低4.17℃,其中2015年绿地景观类型百分比（PLAND）每增加10%导致LST下降0.57℃;不透水表面每增加10%,LST则上升0.78℃.不同时期绿地和不透水表面的平均LST与PLAND、最大斑块指数（LPI）、聚集度指数（AI）均表现为一致的极显著相关关系,且相关性逐年增强,其中绿地为负相关,不透水表面为正相关;景观斑块的大小和聚集程度对城市LST有较大影响.研究结果可以拓展对城市热环境与景观格局时空演变关系的认识,为城市规划和决策者提供参考.     

Urban climate in the Tokyo metropolitan area in Japan

Long-term climate changes related with urbanization in Tokyo, Japan, and recent temperature and heavy rainfall distribution in the Tokyo metropolitan area are reviewed. A relatively high temperature increase in annual mean temperature at the rate of 3.0°C/century was detected in Tokyo for the period 1901–2015. Some observational evidence showed the existence of both thermal and mechanical effects of urbanization on recent heavy rainfall occurrences, and modeling studies also support precipitation enhancement. Urban influences were recognized in other climatological elements, such as number of fog days, relative humidity, and wind circulation.     

海岛旅游开发生态影响及保护对策研究

海岛是相对独立的地理单元,生态系统较为脆弱,旅游开发将对海岛带来环境影响.为保护和利用海岛的旅游资源和自然环境,以蜈支洲岛旅游开发为例,采用矩阵法识别海岛开发生态影响因子,建立了水土流失、土壤、沙滩、植被、保护动植物、珊瑚、珊瑚生态、景观等评价指标体系,采用模型预测和类比分析等方法预测、分析和评价旅游开发活动的生态影响,并提出减缓对策,从而避免旅游开发造成岛屿的生态破坏,维护岛屿生态系统的完整性.     

Is everyone hot in the city? Spatial pattern of land surface temperatures,land cover and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics in Baltimore,MD

Urban heat island effect refers to the phenomenon that ambient air and surface temperatures in urban areas are several degrees higher than surrounding rural areas. Higher temperatures not only impact the comfort of urban dwellers, but also increase energy use, ozone production, and the risk of death for humans in a heat wave. Our research focuses on the variation in land surface temperature in the Gywnns Fall Watershed, Maryland. We found that land surface temperature is highly variable spatially, resulting in "hotspots" within the heat island. We further explore how this temperature variation relates to social factors on the scale of the census-based block group. We show that land surface temperature is statistically higher in block groups that are characterized by low income, high poverty, less education, more ethnic minorities, more elderly people and greater risk of crime. These variables were mapped to evaluate the spatial relationship of land surface temperatures to social factors. This spatially explicit approach facilitates identification of specific areas to prioritize for heat prevention and intervention efforts. We demonstrate, through an exercise, how incorporating data on land surface temperature and social factors into heat intervention strategies could contribute to efficient allocation of limited resources and services. The exercise also indicates where heat prevention efforts, such as tree-planting programs, are most needed to help reduce heat exposure and moderate the urban heat island effect.     

湛江硇洲岛海域19种贝类食用部位的重金属含量及评价

测定了湛江硇洲岛海域产的17种腹足类足部肌肉和2种双壳类软体部的Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、As、Cd、Pd和Hg等8种重金属质量分数。通过对比金属污染指数,发现桶形芋螺Conus betulinus、粗糙滨螺Littorinopsis scabra、鳞片扭蚶Trisidos kiyonoi、可变荔枝螺Thais mutabilis和小结节滨螺Nodilittorina exigua受到的污染较严重;以单因子污染指数为标准,无Cu、Zn和Ni污染,Pd和Hg仅少数种轻微污染,Cr污染较严重,Cd和As污染非常严重;以重金属绝对质量分数来衡量,含As、Cr和Cd最高的贝分别是黑凹螺Chlorostoma nigerrina、粒花冠小月螺Lunella corontat和习见赤蛙螺Bursa rana。     

Growth of the nesting colony of slaty-backed gulls (Larus schistisagus) and plant cover degradation on Shelikan Island (Taui inlet, the Sea of Okhotsk)

The size of Larus schistisagus nesting colony on Shelikan Island (8 ha in area) has increased from 2000 to 6000 pairs over 18 years. Today, this is the largest colony in the Sea of Okhotsk. The growth of the bird population has entailed catastrophic deterioration of the plant cover accompanied by a decrease in the species diversity of vascular plants: more than one-third of plant species recorded on the island in 1986 have already disappeared, and the establishment of several new plant species cannot compensate for this loss. If the size of the colony increases further, woody vegetation will fully deteriorate and only a thinned herbaceous layer consisting of 15–20 most resistant species will remain on the island.     

岛屿钻井作业的安全联动报警系统

针对石油钻井行业岛屿作业环境的高风险性,在分析岛屿钻井作业安全现状的基础上,对其重大危险源进行了分析,并提出了构建安全联动报警系统,以保证岛屿钻井作业的安全生产。     

人工浮岛在上海白莲泾河道水质治理中的作用

2007年9月~2008年3月,为改善上海白莲泾世博园区段的水质,在该河段构筑了一段由鱼类、贝类和植物组合的人工浮岛,并对浮岛内外水质进行了跟踪监测。结果显示,人工浮岛显著提高了水体溶解氧(DO),降低了悬浮物(SS)含量,提高了水体透明度,同时显著降低了总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总磷(TP)、活性磷(PO4--P)。人工浮岛构筑初期(2007年9~10月),整个生态系统尚处于适应阶段,浮岛内外水质并无明显差别,DO总体均低于5mg/L、SS均大于40mg/L、TN含量均高于2.0mg/L、NH3-N含量均高于1.0mg/L、TP含量均高于0.15mg/L、PO4--P含量均高于0.05mg/L,此时浮岛对河道水质的改善效果不佳;2007年11月至08年2月,由菖蒲、鲢鳙鱼、三角帆蚌组合的浮岛生态系统结构稳定,各类生物生长状况良好,对水质有明显的改善效果,浮岛内水体DO含量提高至8.0mg/L以上、SS含量降低至10mg/L以下、TN含量较浮岛外均降低了2.0mg/L、NH3-N含量较浮岛外降低了3.0mg/L、TP含量总体均降低至0.06mg/L、PO4--P含量降低至0.03mg/L;构筑后期(2008年3月),浮岛缺乏必要的人工维护和管理,冬季植物死亡、腐烂,再次释放出N、P等营养物质进入水体,使得人工浮岛处理效果明显降低,造成二次污染,浮岛内水体中各指标含量迅速上升至处理前水平。     

原生态环境下广西涠洲岛近50年气候变率的分析

广西涠洲岛气象站由于其特定的地理位置,使得该站成为广西为数不多、大气观测环境50年来持续保持原有生态环境的气象台站之一。应用该岛屿气象站及与之相邻的广西北海市合浦气象站1956~2005年的气温、雨量等气象资料,分析、比较近50年来北部湾海域气候自然变化和在城镇大规模发展影响下气候变化的差异及发展趋势:用Yamamoto法和Mann-Kendall法对5年滑动平均气温、雨量等要素季和年时间序列进行突变检验,对定量地论述在全球气候变暖情况下区域性气候自然变化的响应有非常重要的意义。